0.5.3

试验性引入渲染模式切换

.gitignore

@@ -488,3 +488,6 @@ nul
 /_build_verify_plugin_tabs
 /_build_verify_sample_plugin
 /_build_verify_sample_plugin_capabilities
+/_build_verify_plugin_page_host
+/_build_verify_plugin_services
+/_build_obj

LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk/IPluginContext.cs

@@ -18,6 +18,9 @@ public interface IPluginContext
 
     bool TryGetProperty<T>(string key, out T? value);
 
+    void RegisterService<TService>(TService service)
+        where TService : class;
+
     void RegisterSettingsPage(PluginSettingsPageRegistration registration);
 
     void RegisterDesktopComponent(PluginDesktopComponentRegistration registration);

LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk/IPluginMessageBus.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+namespace LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk;
+
+public interface IPluginMessageBus
+{
+    IDisposable Subscribe<TMessage>(Action<TMessage> handler);
+
+    void Publish<TMessage>(TMessage message);
+}

LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk/LoadedPlugin.cs

@@ -68,6 +68,15 @@ public sealed class LoadedPlugin : IDisposable, IAsyncDisposable
             disposable.Dispose();
         }
 
+        if (Context is IAsyncDisposable asyncContext)
+        {
+            await asyncContext.DisposeAsync();
+        }
+        else if (Context is IDisposable disposableContext)
+        {
+            disposableContext.Dispose();
+        }
+
         LoadContext.Unload();
         GC.SuppressFinalize(this);
     }

LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk/PluginLoader.cs

@@ -125,14 +125,16 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
         IReadOnlyDictionary<string, object?>? properties)
     {
         PluginLoadContext? loadContext = null;
+        IPlugin? plugin = null;
+        PluginContext? context = null;
 
         try
         {
             loadContext = new PluginLoadContext(assemblyPath, _options.SharedAssemblyNames);
             var assembly = loadContext.LoadFromAssemblyPath(assemblyPath);
             var pluginType = ResolvePluginType(assembly);
-            var plugin = CreatePluginInstance(pluginType);
+            plugin = CreatePluginInstance(pluginType);
-            var context = CreateContext(manifest, pluginDirectory, dataDirectory, services, properties);
+            context = CreateContext(manifest, pluginDirectory, dataDirectory, services, properties);
 
             plugin.Initialize(context);
             var settingsPages = context.GetSettingsPagesSnapshot();
@@ -153,6 +155,8 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
+            DisposeInstance(plugin);
+            DisposeInstance(context);
             loadContext?.Unload();
             return PluginLoadResult.Failure(sourcePath, manifest, ex);
         }
@@ -477,6 +481,33 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
         return plugin;
     }
 
+    private static void DisposeInstance(object? instance)
+    {
+        if (instance is null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        try
+        {
+            if (instance is IAsyncDisposable asyncDisposable)
+            {
+                asyncDisposable.DisposeAsync().AsTask().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+                return;
+            }
+
+            if (instance is IDisposable disposable)
+            {
+                disposable.Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+        catch (Exception disposeError)
+        {
+            System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(
+                $"[PluginLoader] Disposal of '{instance.GetType().FullName}' failed: {disposeError}");
+        }
+    }
+
     private static Type[] GetLoadableTypes(Assembly assembly)
     {
         try
@@ -500,12 +531,17 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
         }
     }
 
-    private sealed class PluginContext : IPluginContext
+    private sealed class PluginContext : IPluginContext, IDisposable, IAsyncDisposable
     {
         private readonly Dictionary<string, PluginSettingsPageRegistration> _settingsPages =
             new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
         private readonly Dictionary<string, PluginDesktopComponentRegistration> _desktopComponents =
             new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, object> _registeredServices = [];
+        private readonly List<object> _serviceRegistrationOrder = [];
+        private readonly object _serviceGate = new();
+        private readonly IServiceProvider _hostServices;
+        private int _disposed;
 
         public PluginContext(
             PluginManifest manifest,
@@ -517,8 +553,12 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
             Manifest = manifest;
             PluginDirectory = pluginDirectory;
             DataDirectory = dataDirectory;
-            Services = services;
+            _hostServices = services;
+            Services = new PluginCompositeServiceProvider(this);
             Properties = properties;
+
+            RegisterBuiltInService<IPluginContext>(this);
+            RegisterBuiltInService<IPluginMessageBus>(new PluginMessageBus());
         }
 
         public PluginManifest Manifest { get; }
@@ -550,9 +590,16 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
             return false;
         }
 
+        public void RegisterService<TService>(TService service)
+            where TService : class
+        {
+            RegisterServiceCore(typeof(TService), service, allowOverride: false);
+        }
+
         public void RegisterSettingsPage(PluginSettingsPageRegistration registration)
         {
             ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(registration);
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
 
             if (!_settingsPages.TryAdd(registration.Id, registration))
             {
@@ -564,6 +611,7 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
         public void RegisterDesktopComponent(PluginDesktopComponentRegistration registration)
         {
             ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(registration);
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
 
             if (!_desktopComponents.TryAdd(registration.ComponentId, registration))
             {
@@ -574,6 +622,7 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
 
         public IReadOnlyList<PluginSettingsPageRegistration> GetSettingsPagesSnapshot()
         {
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
             return _settingsPages.Values
                 .OrderBy(page => page.SortOrder)
                 .ThenBy(page => page.Title, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
@@ -582,11 +631,270 @@ public sealed class PluginLoader
 
         public IReadOnlyList<PluginDesktopComponentRegistration> GetDesktopComponentsSnapshot()
         {
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
             return _desktopComponents.Values
                 .OrderBy(component => component.Category, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                 .ThenBy(component => component.DisplayName, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                 .ToArray();
         }
+
+        internal object? ResolveService(Type serviceType)
+        {
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            if (serviceType == typeof(IServiceProvider))
+            {
+                return Services;
+            }
+
+            lock (_serviceGate)
+            {
+                if (_registeredServices.TryGetValue(serviceType, out var service))
+                {
+                    return service;
+                }
+
+                foreach (var registeredService in _registeredServices.Values)
+                {
+                    if (serviceType.IsInstanceOfType(registeredService))
+                    {
+                        return registeredService;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            return _hostServices.GetService(serviceType);
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterBuiltInService<TService>(TService service)
+            where TService : class
+        {
+            RegisterServiceCore(typeof(TService), service, allowOverride: true);
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            DisposeAsync().AsTask().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
+        }
+
+        public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            object[] services;
+            lock (_serviceGate)
+            {
+                services = _serviceRegistrationOrder.ToArray();
+                _registeredServices.Clear();
+                _serviceRegistrationOrder.Clear();
+            }
+
+            _settingsPages.Clear();
+            _desktopComponents.Clear();
+
+            var disposedServices = new HashSet<object>(ReferenceEqualityComparer.Instance);
+            for (var i = services.Length - 1; i >= 0; i--)
+            {
+                var service = services[i];
+                if (ReferenceEquals(service, this) || !disposedServices.Add(service))
+                {
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                if (service is IAsyncDisposable asyncDisposable)
+                {
+                    await asyncDisposable.DisposeAsync();
+                }
+                else if (service is IDisposable disposable)
+                {
+                    disposable.Dispose();
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void RegisterServiceCore(Type serviceType, object service, bool allowOverride)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(serviceType);
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(service);
+            ThrowIfDisposed();
+
+            if (!serviceType.IsInstanceOfType(service))
+            {
+                throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                    $"Service instance '{service.GetType().FullName}' is not assignable to '{serviceType.FullName}'.");
+            }
+
+            lock (_serviceGate)
+            {
+                if (!allowOverride && _registeredServices.ContainsKey(serviceType))
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException(
+                        $"Plugin '{Manifest.Id}' already registered a service for '{serviceType.FullName}'.");
+                }
+
+                _registeredServices[serviceType] = service;
+                _serviceRegistrationOrder.Add(service);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void ThrowIfDisposed()
+        {
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
+            {
+                throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(PluginContext));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class PluginCompositeServiceProvider : IServiceProvider
+    {
+        private readonly PluginContext _context;
+
+        public PluginCompositeServiceProvider(PluginContext context)
+        {
+            _context = context;
+        }
+
+        public object? GetService(Type serviceType)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(serviceType);
+            return _context.ResolveService(serviceType);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private sealed class PluginMessageBus : IPluginMessageBus, IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly Dictionary<Type, List<Subscription>> _subscriptions = [];
+        private readonly object _gate = new();
+        private int _disposed;
+
+        public IDisposable Subscribe<TMessage>(Action<TMessage> handler)
+        {
+            ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(handler);
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
+            {
+                throw new ObjectDisposedException(nameof(PluginMessageBus));
+            }
+
+            var subscription = new Subscription(this, typeof(TMessage), message => handler((TMessage)message!));
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (!_subscriptions.TryGetValue(subscription.MessageType, out var handlers))
+                {
+                    handlers = [];
+                    _subscriptions[subscription.MessageType] = handlers;
+                }
+
+                handlers.Add(subscription);
+            }
+
+            return subscription;
+        }
+
+        public void Publish<TMessage>(TMessage message)
+        {
+            if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            Subscription[] handlers;
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (!_subscriptions.TryGetValue(typeof(TMessage), out var subscriptions) || subscriptions.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                handlers = subscriptions.ToArray();
+            }
+
+            foreach (var handler in handlers)
+            {
+                try
+                {
+                    handler.Invoke(message);
+                }
+                catch (Exception ex)
+                {
+                    System.Diagnostics.Debug.WriteLine(
+                        $"[PluginMessageBus] Handler for '{typeof(TMessage).FullName}' failed: {ex}");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) != 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                _subscriptions.Clear();
+            }
+        }
+
+        private void Unsubscribe(Subscription subscription)
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                if (!_subscriptions.TryGetValue(subscription.MessageType, out var handlers))
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                handlers.Remove(subscription);
+                if (handlers.Count == 0)
+                {
+                    _subscriptions.Remove(subscription.MessageType);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private sealed class Subscription : IDisposable
+        {
+            private readonly PluginMessageBus _owner;
+            private int _disposed;
+
+            public Subscription(PluginMessageBus owner, Type messageType, Action<object?> handler)
+            {
+                _owner = owner;
+                MessageType = messageType;
+                Handler = handler;
+            }
+
+            public Type MessageType { get; }
+
+            public Action<object?> Handler { get; }
+
+            public void Invoke(object? message)
+            {
+                if (_disposed != 0)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                Handler(message);
+            }
+
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+                if (Interlocked.Exchange(ref _disposed, 1) != 0)
+                {
+                    return;
+                }
+
+                _owner.Unsubscribe(this);
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     private sealed class NullServiceProvider : IServiceProvider

LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin/SamplePlugin.cs

@@ -5,39 +5,49 @@ namespace LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin;
 [PluginEntrance]
 public sealed class SamplePlugin : PluginBase, IDisposable
 {
-    private SamplePluginHeartbeatService? _heartbeatService;
+    private SamplePluginRuntimeStateService? _stateService;
+    private SamplePluginClockService? _clockService;
 
     public override void Initialize(IPluginContext context)
     {
         Directory.CreateDirectory(context.DataDirectory);
 
-        var hostName = context.TryGetProperty<string>("HostApplicationName", out var configuredHostName) &&
+        var hostName = GetHostProperty(context, "HostApplicationName", "UnknownHost");
-                       !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(configuredHostName)
+        var hostVersion = GetHostProperty(context, "HostVersion", "UnknownVersion");
-            ? configuredHostName
+        var sdkApiVersion = GetHostProperty(context, "PluginSdkApiVersion", "UnknownApiVersion");
-            : "UnknownHost";
+        var messageBus = context.GetService<IPluginMessageBus>()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("Plugin message bus is not available.");
 
-        var version = context.Manifest.Version ?? "dev";
+        _stateService = new SamplePluginRuntimeStateService(
-        SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.Reset(hostName, version, context.DataDirectory);
+            context.Manifest,
+            context.PluginDirectory,
+            context.DataDirectory,
+            hostName,
+            hostVersion,
+            sdkApiVersion,
+            messageBus);
+        context.RegisterService(_stateService);
 
-        var message =
+        _clockService = new SamplePluginClockService(context.DataDirectory, _stateService, messageBus);
-            $"[{DateTimeOffset.UtcNow:O}] {context.Manifest.Name} initialized in {hostName} (plugin version {version}).";
+        context.RegisterService(_clockService);
+        _stateService.AttachClockService(_clockService);
+
+        var logPath = Path.Combine(context.DataDirectory, "sample-plugin.log");
+        var initMessage =
+            $"[{DateTimeOffset.UtcNow:O}] {context.Manifest.Name} initialized in {hostName} (plugin version {context.Manifest.Version ?? "dev"}).";
 
         try
         {
-            File.AppendAllText(
+            File.AppendAllText(logPath, initMessage + Environment.NewLine);
-                Path.Combine(context.DataDirectory, "sample-plugin.log"),
+            _stateService.MarkBackendReady($"Initialization log written to {logPath}.");
-                message + Environment.NewLine);
-            SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkBackendReady(
-                $"Plugin entry initialized successfully. Host: {hostName}; Version: {version}");
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkBackendFaulted($"Initialization log write failed: {ex.Message}");
+            _stateService.MarkBackendFaulted($"Initialization log write failed: {ex.Message}");
             throw;
         }
 
-        _heartbeatService = new SamplePluginHeartbeatService(context.DataDirectory);
+        _clockService.Start();
-        _heartbeatService.Start();
 
         context.RegisterSettingsPage(new PluginSettingsPageRegistration(
             "status",
@@ -60,7 +70,15 @@ public sealed class SamplePlugin : PluginBase, IDisposable
 
     public void Dispose()
     {
-        _heartbeatService?.Dispose();
+        _clockService?.Dispose();
-        _heartbeatService = null;
+        _clockService = null;
+        _stateService = null;
+    }
+
+    private static string GetHostProperty(IPluginContext context, string key, string fallback)
+    {
+        return context.TryGetProperty<string>(key, out var value) && !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value)
+            ? value
+            : fallback;
     }
 }

LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin/SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
 using System.Threading;
+using LanMountainDesktop.PluginSdk;
 
 namespace LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin;
 
@@ -19,75 +21,127 @@ internal sealed record SamplePluginStatusEntry(
     string Detail,
     DateTimeOffset UpdatedAt);
 
-internal static class SamplePluginRuntimeStatus
+internal sealed record SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+    string Title,
+    string Detail);
+
+internal sealed record SamplePluginRuntimeSnapshot(
+    PluginManifest Manifest,
+    string PluginDirectory,
+    string DataDirectory,
+    string HostApplicationName,
+    string HostVersion,
+    string SdkApiVersion,
+    IReadOnlyList<SamplePluginStatusEntry> StatusEntries,
+    bool HasPlacedComponent,
+    int PlacedCount,
+    int PreviewCount,
+    IReadOnlyList<string> PlacementIds,
+    string? LastComponentId,
+    double LastCellSize,
+    DateTimeOffset? ServiceClockTime);
+
+internal sealed record SamplePluginClockTickMessage(DateTimeOffset CurrentTime);
+
+internal sealed record SamplePluginStateChangedMessage(string Reason);
+
+internal sealed record SamplePluginComponentInstance(
+    string ComponentId,
+    string? PlacementId,
+    double CellSize)
 {
-    private static readonly object Gate = new();
+    public bool IsPlaced => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(PlacementId);
+}
 
-    private static SamplePluginStatusEntry _frontend = CreateEntry(
+internal sealed class SamplePluginRuntimeStateService
-        "frontend",
+{
-        "Frontend",
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
-        SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+    private readonly IPluginMessageBus _messageBus;
-        "Pending",
+    private readonly Dictionary<string, SamplePluginComponentInstance> _componentInstances =
-        "Frontend surfaces have not been created yet.");
+        new(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
 
-    private static SamplePluginStatusEntry _component = CreateEntry(
+    private readonly PluginManifest _manifest;
-        "component",
+    private readonly string _pluginDirectory;
-        "Component",
+    private readonly string _dataDirectory;
-        SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+    private readonly string _hostApplicationName;
-        "Pending",
+    private readonly string _hostVersion;
-        "The 4x4 component has not been created yet.");
+    private readonly string _sdkApiVersion;
 
-    private static SamplePluginStatusEntry _backend = CreateEntry(
+    private SamplePluginStatusEntry _frontend;
-        "backend",
+    private SamplePluginStatusEntry _component;
-        "Backend",
+    private SamplePluginStatusEntry _backend;
-        SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+    private SamplePluginStatusEntry _service;
-        "Pending",
+    private string? _lastComponentId;
-        "Plugin initialization has not finished yet.");
+    private double _lastCellSize;
+    private DateTimeOffset? _serviceClockTime;
 
-    private static SamplePluginStatusEntry _service = CreateEntry(
+    public SamplePluginRuntimeStateService(
-        "service",
+        PluginManifest manifest,
-        "Service",
+        string pluginDirectory,
-        SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+        string dataDirectory,
-        "Pending",
+        string hostApplicationName,
-        "Heartbeat service has not started yet.");
+        string hostVersion,
-
+        string sdkApiVersion,
-    public static void Reset(string hostName, string version, string dataDirectory)
+        IPluginMessageBus messageBus)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
     {
+        _manifest = manifest;
+        _pluginDirectory = pluginDirectory;
+        _dataDirectory = dataDirectory;
+        _hostApplicationName = hostApplicationName;
+        _hostVersion = hostVersion;
+        _sdkApiVersion = sdkApiVersion;
+        _messageBus = messageBus;
+
         _frontend = CreateEntry(
             "frontend",
             "Frontend",
             SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
             "Pending",
-                "Waiting for the settings page or widget surface to render.");
+            "Waiting for a plugin UI surface to connect.");
 
         _component = CreateEntry(
             "component",
             "Component",
             SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
             "Pending",
-                "The 4x4 component has not been created yet.");
+            "No component instance has been created yet.");
 
         _backend = CreateEntry(
             "backend",
             "Backend",
-                SamplePluginHealthState.Healthy,
+            SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
-                "Healthy",
+            "Pending",
-                $"Plugin initialized. Host: {hostName}; Version: {version}; Data: {dataDirectory}");
+            "Plugin initialization is in progress.");
 
         _service = CreateEntry(
             "service",
-                "Service",
+            "Clock Service",
             SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
             "Pending",
-                "Heartbeat service is starting.");
+            "Clock service is not attached yet.");
-        }
     }
 
-    public static void MarkFrontendReady(string detail)
+    public void AttachClockService(SamplePluginClockService clockService)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(clockService);
+
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _serviceClockTime = clockService.CurrentTime;
+            _service = CreateEntry(
+                "service",
+                "Clock Service",
+                SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+                "Attached",
+                "Clock service was attached and is waiting for the first tick.");
+        }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Clock service attached");
+    }
+
+    public void MarkFrontendReady(string detail)
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
         {
             _frontend = CreateEntry(
                 "frontend",
@@ -96,24 +150,13 @@ internal static class SamplePluginRuntimeStatus
                 "Healthy",
                 detail);
         }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Frontend updated");
     }
 
-    public static void MarkComponentCreated(string detail)
+    public void MarkBackendReady(string detail)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        lock (_gate)
-        {
-            _component = CreateEntry(
-                "component",
-                "Component",
-                SamplePluginHealthState.Healthy,
-                "Created",
-                detail);
-        }
-    }
-
-    public static void MarkBackendReady(string detail)
-    {
-        lock (Gate)
         {
             _backend = CreateEntry(
                 "backend",
@@ -122,11 +165,13 @@ internal static class SamplePluginRuntimeStatus
                 "Healthy",
                 detail);
         }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Backend updated");
     }
 
-    public static void MarkBackendFaulted(string detail)
+    public void MarkBackendFaulted(string detail)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        lock (_gate)
         {
             _backend = CreateEntry(
                 "backend",
@@ -135,46 +180,190 @@ internal static class SamplePluginRuntimeStatus
                 "Faulted",
                 detail);
         }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Backend faulted");
     }
 
-    public static void MarkServiceHeartbeat(DateTimeOffset timestamp)
+    public void MarkClockServiceTick(DateTimeOffset currentTime)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        lock (_gate)
         {
+            _serviceClockTime = currentTime;
             _service = CreateEntry(
                 "service",
-                "Service",
+                "Clock Service",
                 SamplePluginHealthState.Healthy,
                 "Healthy",
-                $"Heartbeat service is running. Last heartbeat: {timestamp.LocalDateTime:HH:mm:ss}");
+                $"Clock service is running. Current service time: {currentTime.LocalDateTime:HH:mm:ss}");
-        }
         }
 
-    public static void MarkServiceFaulted(string detail)
+        PublishStateChanged("Clock service tick");
+    }
+
+    public void MarkClockServiceFaulted(string detail)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        lock (_gate)
         {
             _service = CreateEntry(
                 "service",
-                "Service",
+                "Clock Service",
                 SamplePluginHealthState.Faulted,
                 "Faulted",
                 detail);
         }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Clock service faulted");
     }
 
-    public static IReadOnlyList<SamplePluginStatusEntry> GetSnapshot()
+    public string RegisterComponentInstance(string componentId, string? placementId, double cellSize)
     {
-        lock (Gate)
+        var instanceId = Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N");
+
+        lock (_gate)
         {
+            _componentInstances[instanceId] = new SamplePluginComponentInstance(componentId, placementId, cellSize);
+            _lastComponentId = componentId;
+            _lastCellSize = cellSize;
+            UpdateComponentStatusNoLock();
+        }
+
+        PublishStateChanged("Component attached");
+        return instanceId;
+    }
+
+    public void UnregisterComponentInstance(string instanceId)
+    {
+        ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrWhiteSpace(instanceId);
+
+        var removed = false;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            removed = _componentInstances.Remove(instanceId);
+            if (removed)
+            {
+                UpdateComponentStatusNoLock();
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (removed)
+        {
+            PublishStateChanged("Component detached");
+        }
+    }
+
+    public SamplePluginRuntimeSnapshot GetSnapshot()
+    {
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            var placementIds = _componentInstances.Values
+                .Where(instance => instance.IsPlaced)
+                .Select(instance => instance.PlacementId!)
+                .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                .OrderBy(id => id, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                .ToArray();
+
+            var previewCount = _componentInstances.Values.Count(instance => !instance.IsPlaced);
+
+            return new SamplePluginRuntimeSnapshot(
+                _manifest,
+                _pluginDirectory,
+                _dataDirectory,
+                _hostApplicationName,
+                _hostVersion,
+                _sdkApiVersion,
+                [_frontend, _component, _backend, _service],
+                placementIds.Length > 0,
+                placementIds.Length,
+                previewCount,
+                placementIds,
+                _lastComponentId,
+                _lastCellSize,
+                _serviceClockTime);
+        }
+    }
+
+    public IReadOnlyList<SamplePluginCapabilityItem> GetCapabilities(
+        IPluginContext context,
+        bool hasStateService,
+        bool hasClockService,
+        bool hasMessageBus)
+    {
+        ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(context);
+
+        var propertyNames = context.Properties.Count == 0
+            ? "(none)"
+            : string.Join(", ", context.Properties.Keys.OrderBy(key => key, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
         return
         [
-                _frontend,
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
-                _component,
+                "IPluginContext.Manifest",
-                _backend,
+                $"Readable. Current plugin id: {context.Manifest.Id}; version: {context.Manifest.Version ?? "dev"}."),
-                _service
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "IPluginContext.PluginDirectory / DataDirectory",
+                $"Readable. Plugin directory: {context.PluginDirectory}; data directory: {context.DataDirectory}."),
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "IPluginContext.Properties",
+                $"Readable. Host properties currently exposed: {propertyNames}."),
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "IPluginContext.GetService<T>()",
+                $"Callable. State service resolved: {hasStateService}; clock service resolved: {hasClockService}; message bus resolved: {hasMessageBus}."),
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "IPluginContext.RegisterService<TService>()",
+                "Callable during plugin initialization. This plugin registers SamplePluginRuntimeStateService and SamplePluginClockService into the plugin service container."),
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "Plugin communication bus",
+                "This plugin uses IPluginMessageBus to push clock ticks and state change notifications into plugin UI surfaces."),
+            new SamplePluginCapabilityItem(
+                "PluginDesktopComponentContext",
+                "Widgets can read ComponentId, PlacementId, CellSize, and call GetService<T>() against the same plugin service container.")
         ];
     }
+
+    private void UpdateComponentStatusNoLock()
+    {
+        var placementIds = _componentInstances.Values
+            .Where(instance => instance.IsPlaced)
+            .Select(instance => instance.PlacementId!)
+            .Distinct(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .OrderBy(id => id, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+            .ToArray();
+
+        var previewCount = _componentInstances.Values.Count(instance => !instance.IsPlaced);
+
+        if (placementIds.Length > 0)
+        {
+            _component = CreateEntry(
+                "component",
+                "Component",
+                SamplePluginHealthState.Healthy,
+                "Placed",
+                $"Placed count: {placementIds.Length}; preview count: {previewCount}; placements: {string.Join(", ", placementIds)}");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (previewCount > 0)
+        {
+            _component = CreateEntry(
+                "component",
+                "Component",
+                SamplePluginHealthState.Healthy,
+                "Preview",
+                $"Preview instances: {previewCount}; no placed desktop instance is active yet.");
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _component = CreateEntry(
+            "component",
+            "Component",
+            SamplePluginHealthState.Pending,
+            "Pending",
+            "No component instance is active.");
+    }
+
+    private void PublishStateChanged(string reason)
+    {
+        _messageBus.Publish(new SamplePluginStateChangedMessage(reason));
     }
 
     private static SamplePluginStatusEntry CreateEntry(
@@ -194,23 +383,42 @@ internal static class SamplePluginRuntimeStatus
     }
 }
 
-internal sealed class SamplePluginHeartbeatService : IDisposable
+internal sealed class SamplePluginClockService : IDisposable
 {
-    private readonly string _heartbeatFilePath;
+    private readonly object _gate = new();
+    private readonly string _clockStateFilePath;
+    private readonly SamplePluginRuntimeStateService _stateService;
+    private readonly IPluginMessageBus _messageBus;
     private readonly Timer _timer;
+    private DateTimeOffset _currentTime = DateTimeOffset.Now;
     private int _disposed;
 
-    public SamplePluginHeartbeatService(string dataDirectory)
+    public SamplePluginClockService(
+        string dataDirectory,
+        SamplePluginRuntimeStateService stateService,
+        IPluginMessageBus messageBus)
     {
-        Directory.CreateDirectory(dataDirectory);
+        _clockStateFilePath = Path.Combine(dataDirectory, "clock-service.txt");
-        _heartbeatFilePath = Path.Combine(dataDirectory, "service-heartbeat.txt");
+        _stateService = stateService;
+        _messageBus = messageBus;
         _timer = new Timer(OnTimerTick);
     }
 
+    public DateTimeOffset CurrentTime
+    {
+        get
+        {
+            lock (_gate)
+            {
+                return _currentTime;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public void Start()
     {
-        PublishHeartbeat();
+        PublishTick();
-        _timer.Change(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+        _timer.Change(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1), TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1));
     }
 
     public void Dispose()
@@ -225,10 +433,10 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginHeartbeatService : IDisposable
 
     private void OnTimerTick(object? state)
     {
-        PublishHeartbeat();
+        PublishTick();
     }
 
-    private void PublishHeartbeat()
+    private void PublishTick()
     {
         if (Volatile.Read(ref _disposed) != 0)
         {
@@ -236,16 +444,22 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginHeartbeatService : IDisposable
         }
 
         var now = DateTimeOffset.Now;
+        lock (_gate)
+        {
+            _currentTime = now;
+        }
+
         try
         {
             File.WriteAllText(
-                _heartbeatFilePath,
+                _clockStateFilePath,
                 now.ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
-            SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkServiceHeartbeat(now);
+            _stateService.MarkClockServiceTick(now);
+            _messageBus.Publish(new SamplePluginClockTickMessage(now));
         }
         catch (Exception ex)
         {
-            SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkServiceFaulted($"Heartbeat write failed: {ex.Message}");
+            _stateService.MarkClockServiceFaulted($"Clock state write failed: {ex.Message}");
         }
     }
 }

LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin/SamplePluginSettingsView.cs

@@ -9,31 +9,27 @@ namespace LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin;
 
 internal sealed class SamplePluginSettingsView : UserControl
 {
-    private readonly DispatcherTimer _refreshTimer = new()
-    {
-        Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)
-    };
-
     private readonly IPluginContext _context;
-    private readonly TextBlock _summaryTextBlock;
+    private readonly SamplePluginRuntimeStateService _stateService;
-    private readonly StackPanel _statusPanel;
+    private readonly SamplePluginClockService _clockService;
+    private readonly IPluginMessageBus _messageBus;
+    private readonly StackPanel _pluginInfoPanel = new() { Spacing = 8 };
+    private readonly StackPanel _capabilityPanel = new() { Spacing = 8 };
+    private readonly StackPanel _statusPanel = new() { Spacing = 10 };
+    private readonly List<IDisposable> _subscriptions = [];
 
     public SamplePluginSettingsView(IPluginContext context)
     {
         _context = context;
-        _summaryTextBlock = new TextBlock
+        _stateService = context.GetService<SamplePluginRuntimeStateService>()
-        {
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("SamplePluginRuntimeStateService is not available.");
-            Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFBAE6FD")),
+        _clockService = context.GetService<SamplePluginClockService>()
-            TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("SamplePluginClockService is not available.");
-        };
+        _messageBus = context.GetService<IPluginMessageBus>()
-        _statusPanel = new StackPanel
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("IPluginMessageBus is not available.");
-        {
-            Spacing = 10
-        };
 
-        SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkFrontendReady("Settings page rendered successfully.");
+        _stateService.MarkFrontendReady("Settings page is connected to plugin services and communication.");
 
-        _refreshTimer.Tick += OnRefreshTimerTick;
         AttachedToVisualTree += OnAttachedToVisualTree;
         DetachedFromVisualTree += OnDetachedFromVisualTree;
 
@@ -60,51 +56,110 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginSettingsView : UserControl
                 {
                     new TextBlock
                     {
-                        Text = "Sample Plugin Runtime Status",
+                        Text = "Sample Plugin Capability Inspector",
                         FontSize = 22,
                         FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold,
                         Foreground = Brushes.White
                     },
-                    _summaryTextBlock,
+                    CreateSection("Plugin Info", _pluginInfoPanel),
-                    new Border
+                    CreateSection("Accessible Capabilities", _capabilityPanel),
-                    {
+                    CreateSection("Live Runtime Status", _statusPanel)
-                        Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#14000000")),
-                        BorderBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#3328B2FF")),
-                        BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
-                        CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(14),
-                        Padding = new Thickness(14),
-                        Child = _statusPanel
-                    }
                 }
             }
         };
 
-        RefreshStatuses();
+        RefreshView();
     }
 
     private void OnAttachedToVisualTree(object? sender, VisualTreeAttachmentEventArgs e)
     {
-        RefreshStatuses();
+        SubscribeToPluginBus();
-        _refreshTimer.Start();
+        RefreshView();
     }
 
     private void OnDetachedFromVisualTree(object? sender, VisualTreeAttachmentEventArgs e)
     {
-        _refreshTimer.Stop();
+        foreach (var subscription in _subscriptions)
+        {
+            subscription.Dispose();
         }
 
-    private void OnRefreshTimerTick(object? sender, EventArgs e)
+        _subscriptions.Clear();
-    {
-        RefreshStatuses();
     }
 
-    private void RefreshStatuses()
+    private void SubscribeToPluginBus()
     {
-        _summaryTextBlock.Text =
+        if (_subscriptions.Count > 0)
-            $"Plugin Id: {_context.Manifest.Id}\nVersion: {_context.Manifest.Version ?? "dev"}\nData Path: {_context.DataDirectory}";
+        {
+            return;
+        }
 
+        _subscriptions.Add(_messageBus.Subscribe<SamplePluginClockTickMessage>(_ =>
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(RefreshView)));
+
+        _subscriptions.Add(_messageBus.Subscribe<SamplePluginStateChangedMessage>(_ =>
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(RefreshView)));
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshView()
+    {
+        var snapshot = _stateService.GetSnapshot();
+        RefreshPluginInfo(snapshot);
+        RefreshCapabilities();
+        RefreshStatuses(snapshot);
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshPluginInfo(SamplePluginRuntimeSnapshot snapshot)
+    {
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Clear();
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Plugin Name", snapshot.Manifest.Name));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Plugin Id", snapshot.Manifest.Id));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Version", snapshot.Manifest.Version ?? "dev"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Author", snapshot.Manifest.Author ?? "(none)"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Description", snapshot.Manifest.Description ?? "(none)"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Plugin Directory", snapshot.PluginDirectory));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Data Directory", snapshot.DataDirectory));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Host Application", snapshot.HostApplicationName));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Host Version", snapshot.HostVersion));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("SDK API Version", snapshot.SdkApiVersion));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("State Service Resolved", (_context.GetService<SamplePluginRuntimeStateService>() is not null).ToString()));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Clock Service Resolved", (_context.GetService<SamplePluginClockService>() is not null).ToString()));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Message Bus Resolved", (_context.GetService<IPluginMessageBus>() is not null).ToString()));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Component Placed", snapshot.HasPlacedComponent ? "Yes" : "No"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Placed Count", snapshot.PlacedCount.ToString()));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Preview Count", snapshot.PreviewCount.ToString()));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine(
+            "Placement Ids",
+            snapshot.PlacementIds.Count == 0 ? "(none)" : string.Join(", ", snapshot.PlacementIds)));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine("Last Component Id", snapshot.LastComponentId ?? "(none)"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine(
+            "Last Cell Size",
+            snapshot.LastCellSize > 0 ? $"{snapshot.LastCellSize:F0}px" : "(unknown)"));
+        _pluginInfoPanel.Children.Add(CreateInfoLine(
+            "Clock Service Time",
+            _clockService.CurrentTime.LocalDateTime.ToString("HH:mm:ss")));
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshCapabilities()
+    {
+        var capabilities = _stateService.GetCapabilities(
+            _context,
+            _context.GetService<SamplePluginRuntimeStateService>() is not null,
+            _context.GetService<SamplePluginClockService>() is not null,
+            _context.GetService<IPluginMessageBus>() is not null);
+
+        _capabilityPanel.Children.Clear();
+        foreach (var capability in capabilities)
+        {
+            _capabilityPanel.Children.Add(CreateCapabilityCard(capability));
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshStatuses(SamplePluginRuntimeSnapshot snapshot)
+    {
         _statusPanel.Children.Clear();
-        foreach (var entry in SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.GetSnapshot())
+
+        foreach (var entry in snapshot.StatusEntries)
         {
             var palette = GetPalette(entry.State);
             _statusPanel.Children.Add(new Border
@@ -119,35 +174,7 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginSettingsView : UserControl
                     Spacing = 4,
                     Children =
                     {
-                        new Grid
+                        CreateStatusHeader(entry, palette),
-                        {
-                            ColumnDefinitions = new ColumnDefinitions("Auto,*,Auto"),
-                            ColumnSpacing = 8,
-                            Children =
-                            {
-                                new Border
-                                {
-                                    Width = 10,
-                                    Height = 10,
-                                    CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(999),
-                                    Background = new SolidColorBrush(palette.Dot),
-                                    VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
-                                },
-                                new TextBlock
-                                {
-                                    Text = entry.Title,
-                                    FontSize = 15,
-                                    FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold,
-                                    Foreground = Brushes.White
-                                },
-                                new TextBlock
-                                {
-                                    Text = entry.Summary,
-                                    Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFD7F2FF")),
-                                    HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Right
-                                }
-                            }
-                        },
                         new TextBlock
                         {
                             Text = entry.Detail,
@@ -162,13 +189,135 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginSettingsView : UserControl
                     }
                 }
             });
-
-            var row = (Grid)((StackPanel)((Border)_statusPanel.Children[^1]).Child!).Children[0];
-            Grid.SetColumn(row.Children[1], 1);
-            Grid.SetColumn(row.Children[2], 2);
         }
     }
 
+    private Border CreateSection(string title, Control content)
+    {
+        return new Border
+        {
+            Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#14000000")),
+            BorderBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#3328B2FF")),
+            BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
+            CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(14),
+            Padding = new Thickness(14),
+            Child = new StackPanel
+            {
+                Spacing = 12,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new TextBlock
+                    {
+                        Text = title,
+                        FontSize = 16,
+                        FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold,
+                        Foreground = Brushes.White
+                    },
+                    content
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private Control CreateInfoLine(string label, string value)
+    {
+        var grid = new Grid
+        {
+            ColumnDefinitions = new ColumnDefinitions("180,*"),
+            ColumnSpacing = 10
+        };
+
+        var labelText = new TextBlock
+        {
+            Text = label,
+            Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFBAE6FD")),
+            FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold,
+            TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
+        };
+        var valueText = new TextBlock
+        {
+            Text = value,
+            Foreground = Brushes.White,
+            TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
+        };
+
+        grid.Children.Add(labelText);
+        grid.Children.Add(valueText);
+        Grid.SetColumn(valueText, 1);
+        return grid;
+    }
+
+    private Control CreateCapabilityCard(SamplePluginCapabilityItem item)
+    {
+        return new Border
+        {
+            Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#0F082F49")),
+            BorderBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#3338BDF8")),
+            BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
+            CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(12),
+            Padding = new Thickness(12, 10),
+            Child = new StackPanel
+            {
+                Spacing = 4,
+                Children =
+                {
+                    new TextBlock
+                    {
+                        Text = item.Title,
+                        Foreground = Brushes.White,
+                        FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold
+                    },
+                    new TextBlock
+                    {
+                        Text = item.Detail,
+                        Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFE0F2FE")),
+                        TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    private static Control CreateStatusHeader(
+        SamplePluginStatusEntry entry,
+        (Color Background, Color Border, Color Dot) palette)
+    {
+        var grid = new Grid
+        {
+            ColumnDefinitions = new ColumnDefinitions("Auto,*,Auto"),
+            ColumnSpacing = 8
+        };
+
+        var dot = new Border
+        {
+            Width = 10,
+            Height = 10,
+            CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(999),
+            Background = new SolidColorBrush(palette.Dot),
+            VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+        };
+        var title = new TextBlock
+        {
+            Text = entry.Title,
+            FontSize = 15,
+            FontWeight = FontWeight.SemiBold,
+            Foreground = Brushes.White
+        };
+        var summary = new TextBlock
+        {
+            Text = entry.Summary,
+            Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFD7F2FF")),
+            HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Right
+        };
+
+        grid.Children.Add(dot);
+        grid.Children.Add(title);
+        grid.Children.Add(summary);
+        Grid.SetColumn(title, 1);
+        Grid.SetColumn(summary, 2);
+        return grid;
+    }
+
     private static (Color Background, Color Border, Color Dot) GetPalette(SamplePluginHealthState state)
     {
         return state switch

LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin/SamplePluginStatusClockWidget.cs

@@ -9,35 +9,50 @@ namespace LanMountainDesktop.SamplePlugin;
 
 internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
 {
-    private readonly DispatcherTimer _timer = new()
-    {
-        Interval = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1)
-    };
-
     private readonly PluginDesktopComponentContext _context;
+    private readonly SamplePluginRuntimeStateService _stateService;
+    private readonly SamplePluginClockService _clockService;
+    private readonly IPluginMessageBus _messageBus;
     private readonly TextBlock _timeTextBlock;
-    private readonly TextBlock _titleTextBlock;
+    private readonly TextBlock _subtitleTextBlock;
     private readonly StackPanel _statusPanel;
+    private readonly Border _statusHost;
+    private readonly List<IDisposable> _subscriptions = [];
+    private string? _instanceId;
 
     public SamplePluginStatusClockWidget(PluginDesktopComponentContext context)
     {
         _context = context;
+        _stateService = context.GetService<SamplePluginRuntimeStateService>()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("SamplePluginRuntimeStateService is not available.");
+        _clockService = context.GetService<SamplePluginClockService>()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("SamplePluginClockService is not available.");
+        _messageBus = context.GetService<IPluginMessageBus>()
+            ?? throw new InvalidOperationException("IPluginMessageBus is not available.");
+
         _timeTextBlock = new TextBlock
         {
             Foreground = Brushes.White,
             FontWeight = FontWeight.Bold,
             HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Left
         };
-        _titleTextBlock = new TextBlock
+        _subtitleTextBlock = new TextBlock
         {
-            Text = "Plugin Status",
             Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFBFE9FF")),
-            HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Left
+            HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Left,
+            TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
         };
         _statusPanel = new StackPanel
         {
             Spacing = 8
         };
+        _statusHost = new Border
+        {
+            Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#1F082F49")),
+            BorderBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#5538BDF8")),
+            BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
+            Child = _statusPanel
+        };
 
         Background = new LinearGradientBrush
         {
@@ -67,55 +82,59 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
                     Children =
                     {
                         _timeTextBlock,
-                        _titleTextBlock
+                        _subtitleTextBlock
                     }
                 },
-                new Border
+                _statusHost
-                {
-                    Background = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#1F082F49")),
-                    BorderBrush = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#5538BDF8")),
-                    BorderThickness = new Thickness(1),
-                    CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(18),
-                    Padding = new Thickness(12),
-                    Child = _statusPanel
-                }
             }
         };
 
         Grid.SetRow(((Grid)Child).Children[1], 1);
 
-        _timer.Tick += OnTimerTick;
         AttachedToVisualTree += OnAttachedToVisualTree;
         DetachedFromVisualTree += OnDetachedFromVisualTree;
         SizeChanged += OnSizeChanged;
 
-        var placementText = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(context.PlacementId)
+        RefreshClock(_clockService.CurrentTime);
-            ? "Preview instance created."
+        UpdateSubtitle();
-            : $"Widget created for placement {context.PlacementId}.";
-        SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkFrontendReady("Widget frontend surface rendered successfully.");
-        SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.MarkComponentCreated($"{placementText} Baseline footprint: 4x4.");
-
-        RefreshClock();
         RefreshStatusPanel();
         ApplyScale();
     }
 
     private void OnAttachedToVisualTree(object? sender, VisualTreeAttachmentEventArgs e)
     {
-        RefreshClock();
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_instanceId))
+        {
+            _instanceId = _stateService.RegisterComponentInstance(
+                _context.ComponentId,
+                _context.PlacementId,
+                _context.CellSize);
+        }
+
+        _stateService.MarkFrontendReady("Widget surface is connected to plugin services and communication.");
+        SubscribeToPluginBus();
+
+        RefreshClock(_clockService.CurrentTime);
+        UpdateSubtitle();
         RefreshStatusPanel();
-        _timer.Start();
     }
 
     private void OnDetachedFromVisualTree(object? sender, VisualTreeAttachmentEventArgs e)
     {
-        _timer.Stop();
+        foreach (var subscription in _subscriptions)
+        {
+            subscription.Dispose();
         }
 
-    private void OnTimerTick(object? sender, EventArgs e)
+        _subscriptions.Clear();
+
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_instanceId))
         {
-        RefreshClock();
+            return;
-        RefreshStatusPanel();
+        }
+
+        _stateService.UnregisterComponentInstance(_instanceId);
+        _instanceId = null;
     }
 
     private void OnSizeChanged(object? sender, SizeChangedEventArgs e)
@@ -124,24 +143,49 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
         RefreshStatusPanel();
     }
 
-    private void RefreshClock()
+    private void SubscribeToPluginBus()
     {
-        _timeTextBlock.Text = DateTime.Now.ToString("HH:mm:ss");
+        if (_subscriptions.Count > 0)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _subscriptions.Add(_messageBus.Subscribe<SamplePluginClockTickMessage>(message =>
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() => RefreshClock(message.CurrentTime))));
+
+        _subscriptions.Add(_messageBus.Subscribe<SamplePluginStateChangedMessage>(_ =>
+            Dispatcher.UIThread.Post(() =>
+            {
+                UpdateSubtitle();
+                RefreshStatusPanel();
+            })));
+    }
+
+    private void RefreshClock(DateTimeOffset currentTime)
+    {
+        _timeTextBlock.Text = currentTime.LocalDateTime.ToString("HH:mm:ss");
+    }
+
+    private void UpdateSubtitle()
+    {
+        var snapshot = _stateService.GetSnapshot();
+        _subtitleTextBlock.Text = string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(_context.PlacementId)
+            ? $"Preview surface | placed: {snapshot.PlacedCount}"
+            : $"Placement {_context.PlacementId} | placed: {snapshot.PlacedCount}";
     }
 
     private void RefreshStatusPanel()
     {
         _statusPanel.Children.Clear();
 
+        var snapshot = _stateService.GetSnapshot();
         var basis = GetLayoutBasis();
-        var titleSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.072, 11, 16);
+        var titleSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.068, 11, 16);
-        var detailSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.055, 10, 13);
+        var detailSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.052, 9, 13);
 
-        foreach (var entry in SamplePluginRuntimeStatus.GetSnapshot())
+        foreach (var entry in snapshot.StatusEntries)
         {
             var palette = GetPalette(entry.State);
-            var summaryText = $"{entry.Summary} - {entry.UpdatedAt.LocalDateTime:HH:mm:ss}";
-
             _statusPanel.Children.Add(new Border
             {
                 Background = new SolidColorBrush(palette.Background),
@@ -151,6 +195,7 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
                 Padding = new Thickness(10, 8),
                 Child = new Grid
                 {
+                    RowDefinitions = new RowDefinitions("Auto,Auto"),
                     ColumnDefinitions = new ColumnDefinitions("Auto,*,Auto"),
                     ColumnSpacing = 8,
                     Children =
@@ -173,12 +218,19 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
                         },
                         new TextBlock
                         {
-                            Text = summaryText,
+                            Text = entry.Summary,
                             FontSize = detailSize,
                             Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFD7F2FF")),
                             HorizontalAlignment = HorizontalAlignment.Right,
                             TextAlignment = TextAlignment.Right,
                             VerticalAlignment = VerticalAlignment.Center
+                        },
+                        new TextBlock
+                        {
+                            Text = entry.Detail,
+                            FontSize = detailSize,
+                            Foreground = new SolidColorBrush(Color.Parse("#FFD7F2FF")),
+                            TextWrapping = TextWrapping.Wrap
                         }
                     }
                 }
@@ -187,6 +239,8 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
             var row = (Grid)((Border)_statusPanel.Children[^1]).Child!;
             Grid.SetColumn(row.Children[1], 1);
             Grid.SetColumn(row.Children[2], 2);
+            Grid.SetColumnSpan(row.Children[3], 3);
+            Grid.SetRow(row.Children[3], 1);
         }
     }
 
@@ -196,7 +250,10 @@ internal sealed class SamplePluginStatusClockWidget : Border
         Padding = new Thickness(Math.Clamp(basis * 0.09, 16, 26));
         CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(Math.Clamp(basis * 0.14, 20, 34));
         _timeTextBlock.FontSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.22, 30, 58);
-        _titleTextBlock.FontSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.07, 12, 18);
+        _subtitleTextBlock.FontSize = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.062, 11, 17);
+        _statusHost.Padding = new Thickness(Math.Clamp(basis * 0.045, 10, 18));
+        _statusHost.CornerRadius = new CornerRadius(Math.Clamp(basis * 0.09, 14, 22));
+        _statusPanel.Spacing = Math.Clamp(basis * 0.024, 6, 10);
     }
 
     private double GetLayoutBasis()

LanMountainDesktop/Localization/en-US.json

@@ -237,6 +237,13 @@
     "settings.about.startup_header":  "Windows Startup",
     "settings.about.startup_desc":  "Launch the app automatically when signing in to Windows.",
     "settings.about.startup_toggle":  "Launch at Windows sign-in",
+    "settings.about.render_mode_header":  "App Rendering Mode",
+    "settings.about.render_mode_desc":  "Choose the rendering backend. Restart the app after changing this option. Unsupported modes fall back to software.",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.default":  "Default",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.software":  "Software",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.angle_egl":  "angleEgl",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.wgl":  "WGL",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.vulkan":  "Vulkan",
     "settings.footer":  "LanMountainDesktop Settings",
     "filepicker.title":  "Select wallpaper",
     "filepicker.image_files":  "Image files",

LanMountainDesktop/Localization/zh-CN.json

@@ -237,6 +237,13 @@
     "settings.about.startup_header":  "Windows 自启动",
     "settings.about.startup_desc":  "在登录 Windows 时自动启动应用。",
     "settings.about.startup_toggle":  "登录 Windows 时启动",
+    "settings.about.render_mode_header":  "应用渲染模式",
+    "settings.about.render_mode_desc":  "选择应用渲染后端。更改后需要重启应用生效。不支持的模式会回退到软件渲染。",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.default":  "默认",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.software":  "软件",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.angle_egl":  "angleEgl",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.wgl":  "WGL",
+    "settings.about.render_mode.vulkan":  "Vulkan",
     "settings.footer":  "LanMountainDesktop 设置",
     "filepicker.title":  "选择壁纸",
     "filepicker.image_files":  "图片文件",

LanMountainDesktop/Models/AppSettingsSnapshot.cs

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ public sealed class AppSettingsSnapshot
 
     public bool AutoStartWithWindows { get; set; }
 
+    public string AppRenderMode { get; set; } = "Default";
+
     public bool AutoCheckUpdates { get; set; } = true;
 
     public bool IncludePrereleaseUpdates { get; set; }

LanMountainDesktop/Program.cs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
-using Avalonia;
+using Avalonia;
 using Avalonia.WebView.Desktop;
+using LanMountainDesktop.Services;
 using System;
 
 namespace LanMountainDesktop;
@@ -10,14 +11,42 @@ sealed class Program
     // SynchronizationContext-reliant code before AppMain is called: things aren't initialized
     // yet and stuff might break.
     [STAThread]
-    public static void Main(string[] args) => BuildAvaloniaApp()
+    public static void Main(string[] args) => BuildAvaloniaApp(LoadConfiguredRenderMode())
         .StartWithClassicDesktopLifetime(args);
 
     // Avalonia configuration, don't remove; also used by visual designer.
-    public static AppBuilder BuildAvaloniaApp()
+    public static AppBuilder BuildAvaloniaApp(string renderMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Default)
-        => AppBuilder.Configure<App>()
+    {
+        var builder = AppBuilder.Configure<App>()
             .UsePlatformDetect()
             .UseDesktopWebView()
             .WithInterFont()
             .LogToTrace();
+
+        if (OperatingSystem.IsWindows())
+        {
+            var configuredModes = AppRenderingModeHelper.GetWin32RenderingModes(renderMode);
+            if (configuredModes is { Length: > 0 })
+            {
+                builder = builder.With(new Win32PlatformOptions
+                {
+                    RenderingMode = configuredModes
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        return builder;
+    }
+
+    private static string LoadConfiguredRenderMode()
+    {
+        try
+        {
+            return AppRenderingModeHelper.Normalize(new AppSettingsService().Load().AppRenderMode);
+        }
+        catch
+        {
+            return AppRenderingModeHelper.Default;
+        }
+    }
 }

LanMountainDesktop/Services/AppRenderingModeHelper.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+using Avalonia;
+
+namespace LanMountainDesktop.Services;
+
+public static class AppRenderingModeHelper
+{
+    public const string Default = "Default";
+    public const string Software = "Software";
+    public const string AngleEgl = "AngleEgl";
+    public const string Wgl = "Wgl";
+    public const string Vulkan = "Vulkan";
+
+    public static string Normalize(string? value)
+    {
+        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(value))
+        {
+            return Default;
+        }
+
+        return value.Trim().ToUpperInvariant() switch
+        {
+            "SOFTWARE" => Software,
+            "ANGLEEGL" => AngleEgl,
+            "ANGLE_EGL" => AngleEgl,
+            "WGL" => Wgl,
+            "VULKAN" => Vulkan,
+            _ => Default
+        };
+    }
+
+    public static Win32RenderingMode[]? GetWin32RenderingModes(string? value)
+    {
+        return Normalize(value) switch
+        {
+            Software => [Win32RenderingMode.Software],
+            AngleEgl => [Win32RenderingMode.AngleEgl, Win32RenderingMode.Software],
+            Wgl => [Win32RenderingMode.Wgl, Win32RenderingMode.Software],
+            Vulkan => [Win32RenderingMode.Vulkan, Win32RenderingMode.Software],
+            _ => null
+        };
+    }
+}

LanMountainDesktop/Services/PluginRuntimeService.cs

@@ -280,9 +280,22 @@ public sealed class PluginRuntimeService : IDisposable
     {
         var options = new PluginLoaderOptions();
         AddSharedAssembly(options, typeof(App).Assembly);
-        AddSharedAssembly(options, typeof(Application).Assembly);
+
-        AddSharedAssembly(options, typeof(Control).Assembly);
+        foreach (var assembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies())
-        AddSharedAssembly(options, typeof(AvaloniaXamlLoader).Assembly);
+        {
+            var assemblyName = assembly.GetName().Name;
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(assemblyName))
+            {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            if (assemblyName.StartsWith("Avalonia", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ||
+                string.Equals(assemblyName, "MicroCom.Runtime", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+            {
+                AddSharedAssembly(options, assembly);
+            }
+        }
+
         return options;
     }
 

LanMountainDesktop/Views/MainWindow.Localization.cs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Linq;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
 using Avalonia.Interactivity;
 using Avalonia.Layout;
 using FluentIcons.Avalonia;
 using FluentIcons.Common;
+using LanMountainDesktop.Services;
 
 namespace LanMountainDesktop.Views;
 
@@ -315,6 +317,15 @@ public partial class MainWindow
         AboutStartupSettingsExpander.Description = L(
             "settings.about.startup_desc",
             "Launch the app automatically when signing in to Windows.");
+        AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander.Header = L("settings.about.render_mode_header", "Rendering Mode");
+        AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander.Description = L(
+            "settings.about.render_mode_desc",
+            "Choose the rendering backend. Restart the app after changing this option. Unsupported modes fall back to software.");
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Default, L("settings.about.render_mode.default", "Default"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Software, L("settings.about.render_mode.software", "Software"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.AngleEgl, L("settings.about.render_mode.angle_egl", "angleEgl"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Wgl, L("settings.about.render_mode.wgl", "WGL"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Vulkan, L("settings.about.render_mode.vulkan", "Vulkan"));
 
         if (WallpaperPlacementComboBox?.ItemCount >= 5)
         {
@@ -341,6 +352,19 @@ public partial class MainWindow
         UpdateWallpaperDisplay();
     }
 
+    private void SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(string tag, string content)
+    {
+        var item = AppRenderModeComboBox.Items
+            .OfType<ComboBoxItem>()
+            .FirstOrDefault(candidate =>
+                string.Equals(candidate.Tag?.ToString(), tag, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        if (item is not null)
+        {
+            item.Content = content;
+        }
+    }
+
     private string GetLocalizedTimeZoneDisplayName(TimeZoneInfo timeZone)
     {
         var offset = timeZone.GetUtcOffset(DateTime.UtcNow);

LanMountainDesktop/Views/MainWindow.Settings.cs

@@ -978,6 +978,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow
             InitializeWeatherSettings(snapshot);
             _ = _componentSettingsService.Load();
             InitializeAutoStartWithWindowsSetting(snapshot);
+            InitializeAppRenderModeSetting(snapshot);
             InitializeUpdateSettings(snapshot);
             InitializeDesktopSurfaceState(desktopLayoutSnapshot);
             InitializeLauncherVisibilitySettings(launcherSnapshot);
@@ -1040,6 +1041,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow
         snapshot.WeatherIconPackId = _weatherIconPackId;
         snapshot.WeatherNoTlsRequests = _weatherNoTlsRequests;
         snapshot.AutoStartWithWindows = _autoStartWithWindows;
+        snapshot.AppRenderMode = _selectedAppRenderMode;
         snapshot.AutoCheckUpdates = _autoCheckUpdates;
         snapshot.IncludePrereleaseUpdates = IncludePrereleaseUpdates;
         snapshot.UpdateChannel = IncludePrereleaseUpdates ? UpdateChannelPreview : UpdateChannelStable;
@@ -1220,6 +1222,43 @@ public partial class MainWindow
         }
     }
 
+    private void InitializeAppRenderModeSetting(AppSettingsSnapshot snapshot)
+    {
+        _selectedAppRenderMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Normalize(snapshot.AppRenderMode);
+
+        if (AppRenderModeComboBox is null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents = true;
+        try
+        {
+            AppRenderModeComboBox.IsEnabled = OperatingSystem.IsWindows();
+            SelectAppRenderModeInUi(_selectedAppRenderMode);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void SelectAppRenderModeInUi(string renderMode)
+    {
+        if (AppRenderModeComboBox is null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var selectedItem = AppRenderModeComboBox.Items
+            .OfType<ComboBoxItem>()
+            .FirstOrDefault(item =>
+                string.Equals(item.Tag?.ToString(), renderMode, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectedItem = selectedItem
+            ?? AppRenderModeComboBox.Items.OfType<ComboBoxItem>().FirstOrDefault();
+    }
+
     private static WeatherLocationMode ParseWeatherLocationMode(string? value)
     {
         return string.Equals(value, "Coordinates", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
@@ -1487,6 +1526,25 @@ public partial class MainWindow
         PersistSettings();
     }
 
+    private void OnAppRenderModeSelectionChanged(object? sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        if (_suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents || AppRenderModeComboBox is null)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var selectedMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Normalize(
+            (AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectedItem as ComboBoxItem)?.Tag?.ToString());
+
+        if (string.Equals(_selectedAppRenderMode, selectedMode, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _selectedAppRenderMode = selectedMode;
+        PersistSettings();
+    }
+
     private async void OnSearchWeatherCityClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
     {
         if (_isWeatherSearchInProgress || WeatherCitySearchTextBox is null || WeatherCityResultsComboBox is null)
@@ -2640,7 +2698,9 @@ public partial class MainWindow
     // --- AboutSettingsPage ---
     internal TextBlock AboutPanelTitleTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("AboutPanelTitleTextBlock")!;
     internal FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander AboutStartupSettingsExpander => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander>("AboutStartupSettingsExpander")!;
+    internal FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander>("AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander")!;
     internal ToggleSwitch AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<ToggleSwitch>("AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch")!;
+    internal ComboBox AppRenderModeComboBox => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<ComboBox>("AppRenderModeComboBox")!;
     internal TextBlock VersionTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("VersionTextBlock")!;
     internal TextBlock CodeNameTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("CodeNameTextBlock")!;
     internal TextBlock FontInfoTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("FontInfoTextBlock")!;

LanMountainDesktop/Views/MainWindow.axaml

@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
                                 ClipToBounds="True"
                                 BorderThickness="0"
                                 PointerWheelChanged="OnDesktopPagesPointerWheelChanged">
-                            <Grid x:Name="SettingsContentPagesHost">
+                            <Grid>
                                 <Grid x:Name="DesktopPagesHost"
                                       HorizontalAlignment="Left"
                                       VerticalAlignment="Top">
@@ -439,7 +439,7 @@
                                       Padding="0,0,16,0"
                                       HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Disabled"
                                       VerticalScrollBarVisibility="Auto">
-                            <Grid>
+                            <Grid x:Name="SettingsContentPagesHost">
                                     <pages:WallpaperSettingsPage x:Name="WallpaperSettingsPanel" IsVisible="True" />
 
                                 <pages:GridSettingsPage x:Name="GridSettingsPanel" IsVisible="False" />

LanMountainDesktop/Views/MainWindow.axaml.cs

@@ -167,6 +167,8 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
     private bool _weatherNoTlsRequests;
     private bool _autoStartWithWindows;
     private bool _suppressAutoStartToggleEvents;
+    private bool _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents;
+    private string _selectedAppRenderMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Default;
     private string _weatherSearchKeyword = string.Empty;
     private bool _isWeatherSearchInProgress;
     private bool _isWeatherPreviewInProgress;
@@ -248,6 +250,7 @@ public partial class MainWindow : Window
 
         AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch.Checked += OnAutoStartWithWindowsToggled;
         AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch.Unchecked += OnAutoStartWithWindowsToggled;
+        AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectionChanged += OnAppRenderModeSelectionChanged;
     }
 
     protected override void OnOpened(EventArgs e)

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsPages/AboutSettingsPage.axaml

@@ -34,5 +34,27 @@
                 </ui:SettingsExpander.Footer>
             </ui:SettingsExpander>
         </Border>
+
+        <Border Classes="settings-expander-shell">
+            <ui:SettingsExpander x:Name="AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander"
+                                 Header="Rendering Mode"
+                                 Description="Choose the rendering backend. Restart the app after changing this option. Unsupported modes fall back to software."
+                                 IsExpanded="True">
+                <ui:SettingsExpander.IconSource>
+                    <fi:SymbolIconSource Symbol="Window" />
+                </ui:SettingsExpander.IconSource>
+                <ui:SettingsExpander.Footer>
+                    <ComboBox x:Name="AppRenderModeComboBox"
+                              MinWidth="180"
+                              HorizontalAlignment="Right">
+                        <ComboBoxItem Content="Default" Tag="Default" />
+                        <ComboBoxItem Content="Software" Tag="Software" />
+                        <ComboBoxItem Content="angleEgl" Tag="AngleEgl" />
+                        <ComboBoxItem Content="WGL" Tag="Wgl" />
+                        <ComboBoxItem Content="Vulkan" Tag="Vulkan" />
+                    </ComboBox>
+                </ui:SettingsExpander.Footer>
+            </ui:SettingsExpander>
+        </Border>
     </StackPanel>
 </UserControl>

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsWindow.Controls.cs

@@ -189,7 +189,9 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
     // --- AboutSettingsPage ---
     internal TextBlock AboutPanelTitleTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("AboutPanelTitleTextBlock")!;
     internal FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander AboutStartupSettingsExpander => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander>("AboutStartupSettingsExpander")!;
+    internal FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<FluentAvalonia.UI.Controls.SettingsExpander>("AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander")!;
     internal ToggleSwitch AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<ToggleSwitch>("AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch")!;
+    internal ComboBox AppRenderModeComboBox => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<ComboBox>("AppRenderModeComboBox")!;
     internal TextBlock VersionTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("VersionTextBlock")!;
     internal TextBlock CodeNameTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("CodeNameTextBlock")!;
     internal TextBlock FontInfoTextBlock => AboutSettingsPanel.FindControl<TextBlock>("FontInfoTextBlock")!;

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsWindow.Core.cs

@@ -128,6 +128,7 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
         snapshot.WeatherIconPackId = _weatherIconPackId;
         snapshot.WeatherNoTlsRequests = _weatherNoTlsRequests;
         snapshot.AutoStartWithWindows = _autoStartWithWindows;
+        snapshot.AppRenderMode = _selectedAppRenderMode;
         snapshot.AutoCheckUpdates = _autoCheckUpdates;
         snapshot.IncludePrereleaseUpdates = IncludePrereleaseUpdates;
         snapshot.UpdateChannel = IncludePrereleaseUpdates ? UpdateChannelPreview : UpdateChannelStable;

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsWindow.Localization.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using System;
 using System.Linq;
 using Avalonia.Controls;
+using LanMountainDesktop.Services;
 
 namespace LanMountainDesktop.Views;
 
@@ -126,6 +127,15 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
         FontInfoTextBlock.Text = Lf("settings.about.font_format", "Font: {0}", AppFontName);
         AboutStartupSettingsExpander.Header = L("settings.about.startup_header", "Windows Startup");
         AboutStartupSettingsExpander.Description = L("settings.about.startup_desc", "Launch the app automatically when signing in to Windows.");
+        AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander.Header = L("settings.about.render_mode_header", "Rendering Mode");
+        AboutRenderModeSettingsExpander.Description = L(
+            "settings.about.render_mode_desc",
+            "Choose the rendering backend. Restart the app after changing this option. Unsupported modes fall back to software.");
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Default, L("settings.about.render_mode.default", "Default"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Software, L("settings.about.render_mode.software", "Software"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.AngleEgl, L("settings.about.render_mode.angle_egl", "angleEgl"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Wgl, L("settings.about.render_mode.wgl", "WGL"));
+        SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(AppRenderingModeHelper.Vulkan, L("settings.about.render_mode.vulkan", "Vulkan"));
 
         var placementItems = WallpaperPlacementComboBox.Items.OfType<ComboBoxItem>().ToList();
         if (placementItems.Count >= 5)
@@ -142,6 +152,19 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
         RenderLauncherHiddenItemsList();
     }
 
+    private void SetAppRenderModeComboItemContent(string tag, string content)
+    {
+        var item = AppRenderModeComboBox.Items
+            .OfType<ComboBoxItem>()
+            .FirstOrDefault(candidate =>
+                string.Equals(candidate.Tag?.ToString(), tag, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        if (item is not null)
+        {
+            item.Content = content;
+        }
+    }
+
     private string GetLocalizedTimeZoneDisplayName(TimeZoneInfo timeZone)
     {
         var offset = timeZone.GetUtcOffset(DateTime.UtcNow);

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsWindow.WeatherLauncher.cs

@@ -89,6 +89,33 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
         }
     }
 
+    private void InitializeAppRenderModeSetting(AppSettingsSnapshot snapshot)
+    {
+        _selectedAppRenderMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Normalize(snapshot.AppRenderMode);
+
+        _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents = true;
+        try
+        {
+            AppRenderModeComboBox.IsEnabled = OperatingSystem.IsWindows();
+            SelectAppRenderModeInUi(_selectedAppRenderMode);
+        }
+        finally
+        {
+            _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents = false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    private void SelectAppRenderModeInUi(string renderMode)
+    {
+        var selectedItem = AppRenderModeComboBox.Items
+            .OfType<ComboBoxItem>()
+            .FirstOrDefault(item =>
+                string.Equals(item.Tag?.ToString(), renderMode, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+        AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectedItem = selectedItem
+            ?? AppRenderModeComboBox.Items.OfType<ComboBoxItem>().FirstOrDefault();
+    }
+
     private static WeatherLocationMode ParseWeatherLocationMode(string? value)
     {
         return string.Equals(value, "Coordinates", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
@@ -319,6 +346,25 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow
         PersistSettings();
     }
 
+    private void OnAppRenderModeSelectionChanged(object? sender, SelectionChangedEventArgs e)
+    {
+        if (_suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents)
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        var selectedMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Normalize(
+            (AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectedItem as ComboBoxItem)?.Tag?.ToString());
+
+        if (string.Equals(_selectedAppRenderMode, selectedMode, StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        _selectedAppRenderMode = selectedMode;
+        PersistSettings();
+    }
+
     private async void OnSearchWeatherCityClick(object? sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
     {
         if (_isWeatherSearchInProgress)

LanMountainDesktop/Views/SettingsWindow.axaml.cs

@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow : Window
     private bool _suppressGridInsetEvents;
     private bool _suppressStatusBarSpacingEvents;
     private bool _suppressAutoStartToggleEvents;
+    private bool _suppressAppRenderModeSelectionEvents;
     private bool _isUpdatingWallpaperPreviewLayout;
     private IBrush? _defaultDesktopBackground;
     private Bitmap? _wallpaperBitmap;
@@ -140,6 +141,7 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow : Window
     private string _statusBarSpacingMode = "Relaxed";
     private int _statusBarCustomSpacingPercent = 12;
     private int _desktopEdgeInsetPercent = DefaultEdgeInsetPercent;
+    private string _selectedAppRenderMode = AppRenderingModeHelper.Default;
     private string _taskbarLayoutMode = TaskbarLayoutBottomFullRowMacStyle;
     private string _languageCode = "zh-CN";
     private WeatherLocationMode _weatherLocationMode = WeatherLocationMode.CitySearch;
@@ -222,6 +224,7 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow : Window
         DownloadAndInstallUpdateButton.Click += OnDownloadAndInstallUpdateClick;
         AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch.Checked += OnAutoStartWithWindowsToggled;
         AutoStartWithWindowsToggleSwitch.Unchecked += OnAutoStartWithWindowsToggled;
+        AppRenderModeComboBox.SelectionChanged += OnAppRenderModeSelectionChanged;
         Opened += OnWindowOpened;
     }
 
@@ -260,6 +263,7 @@ public partial class SettingsWindow : Window
         InitializeLocalization(snapshot.LanguageCode);
         InitializeWeatherSettings(snapshot);
         InitializeAutoStartWithWindowsSetting(snapshot);
+        InitializeAppRenderModeSetting(snapshot);
         InitializeUpdateSettings(snapshot);
         InitializeLauncherVisibilitySettings(launcherSnapshot);
         InitializeSettingsIcons();